Libro · Autoría individual · 2023
Dragón ascendente, águila desafiante. Desentrañando la competencia hegemónica entre China y EE.UU.
Título en inglésRising Dragon, Defiant Eagle: Unraveling the Hegemonic Competition between China and the United States
Bernardo Gortaire Morejón. Dragón ascendente, águila desafiante. Desentrañando la competencia hegemónica entre China y EE.UU.. Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, 2023.
Resumen
Este libro permite entender que el ascenso de China no implica automáticamente la caída de Estados Unidos. Entre ambos existe una competencia hegemónica económica, tecnológica, militar y diplomática. La obra define este momento como una hegemonía disputada, identifica los límites estructurales del ascenso chino y estudia sus principales riesgos en Taiwán y el Indo-Pacífico, así como el margen de autonomía estratégica que esta rivalidad abre para los países en desarrollo.
Temas de investigación
- rivalidad China-Estados Unidos
- hegemonía disputada
- países en desarrollo
- autonomía estratégica
Referencias
- ABC News [ABC News]. (21 de marzo de 2023). Iraq 20 years later: 3 vets reflect on the war they fought | Nightline. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxFwIC6eCZc&ab_channel=ABCNews
- ABC News In-depth [ABC News In-depth]. (31 de octubre de 2022). How could a war between China and Taiwan play out? | Four Corners. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-q_GktDcqX4&ab_channel=ABCNewsIn-depth
- ADL (2023). “Murder and Extremism in the United States in 2022”. Extraído el 28 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.adl.org/resources/report/murder-and-extremism-united-states-2022
- AIIB (2022). “Moonshots for the Emerging World”. Extraído el 7 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/asian-infrastructure-finance/_common/pdf/AIIB-Asian-Infrastructure-Finance-2022.pdf#page=21
- Aizhu, C. y Xu, M. (2023). “China set for record crude oil imports in 2023, analysts say”. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/china-set-record-crude-oil-imports-2023analysts-2023-02-17/
- Allen-Ebrahimian, B. (2023). ““Osprey get out:” Okinawa protesters call for closure of U.S. military bases”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.axios.com/2023/05/13/okinawa-protests-us-military-bases-close
- Aljazeera (2022). “Rwanda jails Chinese national for torturing mine workers”. Extraído el 21 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/21/chinese-mine-manager-jailed-in-rwanda-for-torture
- Alvim, L. y Averbuch, M. (2023). “Ola de nearshoring en EE.UU. crece a la par exportaciones México”. Extraído el 28 de junio de 2023 de: https://es-us. finanzas.yahoo.com/noticias/ola-nearshoring-ee-uu-crece-175807893. html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLm-NvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAEAA6hfBbgwn6MOvnrAfGYYbB-NI9mdLF3OnvWXFt3lc9FvYX_FyInqAWioLtpLLUR4CAzq94y-det-T56afLLPbTHr_sb86jhIQTH7Jh_8d3cAxPfKqqX7siTYjgKwMNWKGt9ac3_9LeTbJ5vYH0BHTdOXkGr6K2NPGtM9csCQfI2
- Al Majalla (2023). “Why do so many foreign powers have military bases in Djibouti?”. Extraído el 31 de mayo de 2023 de: https://en.majalla.com/node/288091/politics/why-do-so-many-foreign-powers-have-militarybases-djibouti
- Amnesty International (2022). “CHINA 2022”. Extraído el 26 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/eastasia/china/report-china/
- Anderson, G. y Meaney, T. (2023). “NATO Isn’t What It Says It Is”. Extraído el 12 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/11/opinion/nato-summit-vilnius-europe.html
- Arcesati, R. y Hmaidi, A. (2022). “La guerra tecnológica entre EE.UU. y China obliga a la industria y a los aliados a tomar decisiones difíciles”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.politicaexterior.com/la-guerra-tecnologica-entre-eeuu-y-china-obliga-a-la-industria-y-a-los-aliados-a-tomar-decisiones-dificiles/
- Asociación de Amistad del Pueblo Chino con el Extranjero (s.f.). “Asociación de Amistad del Pueblo Chino con el Extranjero”. Extraído el 17 de mayo de 2023 de: https://portales.sre.gob.mx/coordinacionpolitica/images/stories/documentos_gobiernos/eventos/fororegional/ji%20yongjun. pdf
- ASPI (2023). “ASPI’s Critical Technology Tracker-The global race for future power”. Extraído el 14 de agosto de 2023 de: https://www.aspi.org.au/report/critical-technology-tracker
- Banco Mundial (2023a). “Crecimiento del PIB (% anual)-China, United States”. Extraído el 23 de mayo de 2023 de: https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2021&locations=CN-US&start=1961&view=chart
- Banco Mundial (2023b). “PIB (US$ a precios actuales)-China, United States”. Extraído el 23 de mayo de 2023 de: https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2021&locations=CN-US&start=1961&view=chart
- Banco Mundial (2023c). “PIB, PPA ($ a precios internacionales actuales)-China, United States”. Extraído el 23 de mayo de 2023 de: https://datos. bancomundial.org/indicador/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?end=2021&locations=CN-US&start=1994&view=chart
- Bartlett, K. (2022). “Survey: Africans See China as Positive Force”. Extraído el 20 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.voanews.com/a/survey-africans-see-china-as-positive-force/6813313.html
- Basu, V. (2023). “Debates around De-dollarisation and Yuan Internationalisation”. Extraído el 8 de junio de 2023 de: https://moderndiplomacy. eu/2023/04/30/debates-around-de-dollarisation-and-yuan-internationalisation/
- Baxter, T. y Wenjing, P. (2016). “China’s distant water fishing industry is now the largest in West Africa”. Extraído el 15 de agosto de 2023 de: https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2016/11/24/fishing-inside-chinese-mega-industry-west-africa/
- BBC Mundo (2016). “Barco guardacostas argentino hunde a pesquero de bandera china”. Extraído el 15 de agosto de 2023 de: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/03/160315_buque_argentino_derriba_barco_chino_prefectura_bm
- BBC News Mundo (2012). “Abre la nueva sede de la Unión Africana, totalmente financiada por China”. Extraído el 30 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2012/01/120128_ultnot_union_africana_nueva_sede_etiopia_china_adz#:~:text=Abre%20la%20nueva%20 sede%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Africana%2C%20totalmente%20 financiada%20por%20China,-28%20enero%202012&text=La%20Uni%-C3%B3n%20Africana%20(UA)%20abrir%C3%A1,de%20US%24%20 de%20200%20millones.
- Belchi, A. (2023). “Fentanilo, el opioide que mata a 200 personas cada día en Estados Unidos”. Extraído el 17 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/fentanilo-el-opioide-que-mata-a-200-personas-cada-d%C3%ADa-en-estados-unidos/7054473.html
- Bertrand, A. [@RnaudBertrand]. (2023, 25 de agosto). It’s arrived: the new cover of The Economist’s “China is over” edition! [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/RnaudBertrand/status/1694940725094592531
- Blanchette, J., Edel, C., Johnstone, C., Kennedy, S., Cha, V., Kim, E. y Poling, G. (2022). “Speaker Pelosi’s Taiwan Visit: Implications for the Indo-Pacific”. Extraído el 5 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.csis.org/analysis/speaker-pelosis-taiwan-visit-implications-indo-pacific
- Blank, S. (2020). The Un-Holy Russo-Chinese alliance. Defense & Security Analysis, Vol. 36, N. 33. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1080/14751798.2020.1790805
- Bloomberg (2023a). “China Could Control a Third of The World’s Lithium by 2025”. Extraído el 25 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-13/china-could-control-a-third-of-theworld-s-lithium-by-2025?leadSource=uverify%20wall
- Bloomberg (2023b). “China’s Yuan Replaces Dollar as Most Traded in Russia”. Extraído el 8 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-03/china-s-yuan-replaces-dollar-as-most-traded-cu rrency-in-russia#xj4y7vzkg
- Boissoneault, L. (2022). “Is China Committing Genocide Against the Uyghurs?”. Extraído el 18 de abril de 2022 de: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/is-china-committing-genocide-against-the-uyghurs-180979490/
- Boland, R. (2022). “What Country is Hong Kong Actually In?”. Extraído el 28 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.tripsavvy.com/what-country-ishong-kong-in-1535874
- Brautigam, D. (2019). A critical look at Chinese “debt-trap diplomacy”: the rise of a meme. Area Development and Policy, pp. 1–14. doi:10.1080/237929 49.2019.1689828
- Brizuela de Ávila, M., Marti, B., Insanally, R. y Trevisan, C. (2022). “US-China vaccine diplomacy: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean”. Extraído el 18 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/us-china-vaccine-diplomacy-lessons-from-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/
- Brooks, S. G. y Wohlforth, W. C. (2016). The once and future superpower: Why china won’t overtake the united states. Foreign Affairs, 95, pp. 91-14.
- Brown, D. (2021). “Why China’s climate policy matters to us all”. Extraído el 14 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57483492
- Brunnstrom, D. y Hunnicutt, T. (2022). “Biden says U.S. forces would defend Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion”. Extraído el 26 de agosto de 2023 de: https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-says-us-forces-would-defend-taiwan-event-chinese-invasion-2022-09-18/#:~:text=WASHING-TON%2C%20Sept%2018%20(Reuters),those%20seeking%20an%20independent%20Taiwan.
- Caballero, J. (2023). “China is extending its dealings with the Taliban as it increases its superpower status”. Extraído el 8 de junio de 2023 de: https://theconversation.com/china-is-extending-its-dealings-with-the-talibanas-it-increases-its-superpower-status-197664
- CAF (2022). “AIIB y CAF trabajarán en conjunto para financiar proyectos en América Latina y el Caribe”. Extraído el 7 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.caf.com/es/actualidad/noticias/2022/10/aiib-y-caf-trabajaran-en-conjunto-para-financiar-proyectos-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe/
- Caparrós, M. (2014). El hambre. Anagrama.
- Carrere, M. (2020). “Flota china frente a Galápagos: pescadores se unen para combatir la pesca ilegal del calamar gigante”. Extraído el 15 de agosto de 2023 de: https://es.mongabay.com/2020/08/oceanos-flota-china-frente-a-galapagos-pescadores-se-unen-para-combatir-la-pesca-ilegal-y-no-reglamentada-del-calamar-gigante/
- Carrere, M. (2021). “Flotas chinas: estudio revela los impactos del mayor caso de pesca ilegal reportado en Galápagos”. Extraído 15 de agosto de 2023 de: https://es.mongabay.com/2021/08/flotas-chinas-estudio-pesca-ilegal-galapagos/
- Castro, D. (2014). Condiciones, no concesiones. Cooperación económico-financiera China-Ecuador. Comentario Internacional. Revista del Centro Andino de Estudios Internacionales, (14), pp. 163-198.
- Casullo, M. E. (2019). ¿Por qué funciona el populismo?: El discurso que sabe construir explicaciones convincentes de un mundo en crisis. Siglo XXI Editores.
- Cedro, S. (2023). “En 2021, Estados Unidos tuvo el peor índice de muerte materna en 60 años”. Extraído el 17 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.infobae.com/estados-unidos/2023/03/20/en-2021-estados-unidos-tuvo-elpeor-indice-de-muerte-materna-en-60-anos/
- CFR (2023). “China’s Approach to Global Governance”. Extraído el 26 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.cfr.org/china-global-governance/
- Chellaney, B. (2017). “China’s Debt-Trap Diplomacy | by Brahma Chellaney.” Extraído el 21 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-one-belt-one-road-loans-debtby-brahma-chellaney-2017-01.
- China-CELAC Forum (s.f.). “Subforos en Áreas Específicas”. Extraído el 18 de julio de 2023 de: http://www.chinacelacforum.org/esp/zyjz_2/zylyflt/
- Chomsky, N. (2019). ¿Quién domina el mundo? Penguin Random House
- CIA (2023). “Guam”. Extraído el 24 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guam/#military-and-security
- Clayton, J. (2023). “TikTok CEO Shou Zi Chew’s Congress showdown: Five takeaways”. Extraído el 22 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.bbc.com/news/65047087
- Colby, E. (2021). The Strategy of Denial. Yale University Press
- Colvin, G. (2017). “Study: China Will Overtake the U.S. as World’s Largest Economy Before 2030”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://fortune.com/2017/02/09/study-china-will-overtake-the-u-s-as-worldslargest-economy-before-2030/
- Combier, E. (2022). “China’s Military Expansion in Tajikistan”. Extraído el 8 de junio de 2023 de: https://novastan.org/en/tajikistan/chinas-military-expansion-in-tajikistan/#:~:text=Tajik%20authorities%20have%20maintained%20their,military%20base%20on%20Tajik%20soil.
- Condon, B. (2023). “China’s loans pushing world’s poorest countries to brink of collapse”. Extraído el 21 de junio de 2023 de: https://apnews.com/article/china-debt-banking-loans-financial-developing-countries-collapse-8df6f9fac3e1e758d0e6d8d5dfbd3ed6
- Copeland, D. (2015). Economic Interdependence and War. Princeton University Press
- Copp, T. (2021). “‘It Failed Miserably’: After Wargaming Loss, Joint Chiefs Are Overhauling How the US Military Will Fight”. Extraído el 27 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2021/07/it-failed-miserably-after-wargaming-loss-joint-chiefs-are-overhauling-how-us-mili tary-will-fight/184050/
- Creutzfeldt, B. (2023). The Boys Who Cried Wolf Warrior: China’s Diplomatic Strategy in Latin America. Colombia Internacional, (113), pp. 61-84.
- Crescenzi, M. y Gent, S. (2021). “China’s Deep-Sea Motivation for Claiming Sovereignty Over the South China Sea”. Extraído el 24 de julio de 2023 de: https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/chinas-deep-sea-motivation-forclaiming-sovereignty-over-the-south-china-sea/
- CSIS (2023). “South China Sea Energy Exploration and Development”. Extraído el 24 de julio de 2023 de: https://amti.csis.org/south-china-sea-energy-exploration-and-development/
- Cueto, J. (2023). “TikTok: cómo es Douyin, la versión de la app en China (y en qué se diferencia de la occidental)”. Extraído el 22 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-65126139
- CUSEF (2022). “The Factors Fueling America’s Interest in Learning Mandarin Chinese”. Extraído el 17 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.cusef.org.hk/en/cusef-blog/our-research/the-factors-fueling-americas-interest-in-learning-mandarin-chinese#:~:text=According%20to%20Tian%20Xuejun%2C%20China’s,learning%20Chinese%20as%20a%20se cond
- Desjardins, J. (2019). “Mapped: The Median Age of the Population on Every Continent”. Extraído el 26 de agosto de 2023 de: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-the-median-age-of-every-continent/
- de Cabo, A. (2023). “Por qué las tierras raras son esenciales y cómo el hallazgo de un yacimiento en Suecia puede ayudar a Europa a cortar su dependencia de China” Extraído el 25 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-64554531#:~:text=Alrededor%20del%2098%25%20de%20las,pa%C3%ADs%2C%20un%20negocio%20al%20alza.
- Diamond, J. (2018). “Trump hits China with tariffs, heightening concerns of global trade war”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://edition. cnn.com/2018/03/22/politics/donald-trump-china-tariffs-trade-war/index.html
- Doménech, F. (2021). “La guerra de las tierras raras”. Extraído el 26 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/ciencia/medioambiente/las-tierras-raras/
- El Confidencial (2016). “Tropas terrestres iraníes en Siria: Teherán envía comandos “en misión de asesoría””. Extraído el 25 de agosto de 2023 de: https://www.elconfidencial.com/mundo/2016-04-05/iran-envia-co mandos-siria-asesores_1178932/
- Evans, S. (2021). “Analysis: Which countries are historically responsible for climate change?”. Extraído el 13 de agosto de 2023 de: https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change/
- eurasianet (2022). “China stepping up military cooperation with Tajikistan”. Extraído el 30 de mayo de 2023 de: https://eurasianet.org/china-stepping-up-military-cooperation-with-tajikistan#:~:text=And%20then%20in%20October%202021,is%20said%20to%20be%20located.
- Europa Press (2023). “Los talibán recalcan que “no quieren tensiones” tras los enfrentamientos en la frontera con Irán”. Extraído el 8 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-taliban-recalcan-no-quieren-tensiones-enfrentamientos-frontera-iran-20230530123934.html
- Expansión (2023). “Bancarrota: Evergrande solicita revisión de deuda por 32,000 mdd en corte de EU”. Extraído el 18 de agosto de 2023 de: https://expansion.mx/mercados/2023/08/18/bancarrota-evergrande-banca rrota-deuda-32-000-mdd
- FBI (s.f.). “The China Threat”. Extraído el 26 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/counterintelligence/the-china-threat
- Fiol-Mahon, A. (2018). “Xi Jinping’s Anti-Corruption Campaign: The Hidden Motives of a Modern-Day Mao”. Extraído el 26 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.fpri.org/article/2018/08/xi-jinpings-anti-corruption-campaign-the-hidden-motives-of-a-modern-day-mao/
- Foreign Affairs (2023). “Did the Unipolar Moment Ever End?”. Extraído el 26 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ask-the-experts/did-unipolar-moment-ever-end?utm_medium=social
- France24 (2022). “Radiografía de las milicias armadas en EE. UU. y su rol en estas elecciones de medio término”. Extraído el 17 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.france24.com/es/ee-uu-y-canad%C3%A1/20221106-radiograf%C3%ADa-de-las-milicias-armadas-en-ee-uu-y-su-rol-en-estaselecciones
- Francis, T. (2018). “Xi Jinping’s one-time political rival will now spend the rest of his life in prison”. Extraído el 26 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.businessinsider.com/xi-jinping-successor-sun-zhengcai-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-2018-5
- Friedrich, J., Ge, M., Pickens, A. y Vigna, L. (2023). “This Interactive Chart Shows Changes in the World’s Top 10 Emitters”. Extraído el 14 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.wri.org/insights/interactive-chart-shows-changes-worlds-top-10-emitters
- FRONTLINE PBS | Official-[FRONTLINE PBS | Official]. (3 de noviembre de 2020). Documenting Hate: New American Nazis (full documentary) | FRONTLINE. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XFBVAAzXjc&ab_channel=FRONTLINEPBS%7COfficial
- Fuxian, (2019). “Why ageing China won’t overtake the US economy as the world’s biggest – now or in the future”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/3003524/ageing-china-simply-cannot-overtake-us-economy-worlds
- G7 (2023). “G7 Hiroshima Leaders’ Communiqué”. Extraído el 24 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/64497/g7-2023-hiroshima-leaders-communiqu%C3%A9.pdf
- Gazis, O. y Yilek, C. (2023). “China “most consequential threat” to U.S. national security, top intelligence official says”. Extraído el 26 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/china-worldwide-threats-hearing/
- Garamone, J. (2023). “U.S.-Philippine Alliance Strengthens as it Enters New Phase”. Extraído el 30 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3286055/us-philippine-alliance-strengthens-as-it-enters-new-phase/#:~:text=Galvez%20and%20Austin%20also%20reaffirmed,prefer%20to%20South%20China%20Sea.
- Georgetown University Law Library (2023). “NAFTA and the USMCA (NAF-TA 2.0)”. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: https://guides.ll.georgetown.edu/c.php?g=363556&p=3662688#:~:text=Highlights%20of%20the%20revised%20trade,farmers%2C%20and%20a%20sunset%20provision.
- Ghaddar, A., Lawler, A. y Nasralla, S. (2023). “Saudi Arabia says new oil cuts show teamwork with Russia is strong”. Extraído el 25 de Agosto de 2023 de: https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/saudi-arabia-saysnew-oil-cuts-show-teamwork-with-russia-is-strong-2023-07-05/
- Gilpin, R. (1981). War & Change in World Politics. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Global Times (2022). “Japan’s junior ruling party chief mulls visit to China, expected to increase channel of communication, manage differences on sensitive issues”. Extraído el 20 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202211/1280559.shtml
- GNA (2023a). “PAST YEARS”. Extraído el 28 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/past-tolls
- GNA (2023b). “MASS SHOOTINGS IN 2023”. Extraído el 28 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/reports/mass-shooting?page=16
- Goldberg, M. (2022). “Why is China Suddenly Expanding its Nuclear Arsenal?”. Extraído el 5 de julio de 2023 de: http://undispatch.com/why-is-china-suddenly-expanding-its-nuclear-arsenal/
- Gómez, A. y Gortaire Morejón, B. Transnacionales: una amenaza para el medio ambiente y los derechos humanos. LÍNEASUR, 7, pp. 56-73
- Gordon, N. (2023). “More millionaires are expected to leave China this year than any other country, as the end of COVID-zero allows them to finally relocate”. Extraído el 17 de julio de 2023 de: https://fortune.com/2023/06/14/china-millionaires-leaving-migration-common-prosperity-henley-partners-private-wealth/
- Gortaire Morejón, B. (2022a). “Declive de la hegemonía de EE.UU. y el desafío estratégico de la China y otros actores emergentes I Parte”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://cespe.espe.edu.ec/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/2.-Declive-de-la-hegemonia-de-EE.UU_.-y-el-desa fio-estrategico-de-la-China-y-otros-actores-emergentes-I-Parte.pdf
- Gortaire Morejón, B. (2022b). “Declive de la hegemonía de EE.UU. y el desafío estratégico de la China y otros actores emergentes II Parte”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://cespe.espe.edu.ec/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/3.-Declive-de-la-hegemonia-de-EE.UU_.-y-el-desa fio-estrategico-de-la-China-y-otros-actores-emergentes-II-Parte.pdf
- Grier, P. (2017). “Rare-Earth Uncertainty”. Extraído el 26 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/rare-earth-uncertainty/#:~:text=Rare%2Dearth%20elements%20are%20widely,and%20radar%20and%20sonar%20systems.
- Harris, J. [Johnny Harris]. (21 de junio de 2023a). The Native American State That Never Was. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8-kGVCzKwA&ab_channel=JohnnyHarris
- Harris, J. [Johnny Harris]. (6 de julio de 2023b). The US Military is Planning for a War with China. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plHRRFHZ_f0&ab_channel=JohnnyHarris
- Heritage Foundation (2018). “How China Is Taking Control of Hollywood”. Extraído el 22 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.heritage.org/asia/heritage-explains/how-china-taking-control-hollywood
- Hill, D. (2020). “Production and Trade of Knowledge-and Technology-Intensive Industries”. Extraído el 26 de mayo de 2023 de: https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20205/.
- History (2009). “Nanjing Massacre”. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.history.com/topics/asian-history/nanjing-massacre
- Honrada, G. (2023). “Japan building new island base to guard against China”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/japan-building-new-island-base-to-guard-against-china/
- Hunnicutt, T. y Woo, R. (2023). “China hits back after Biden calls Xi a ‘dictator’”. Extraído el 26 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-calls-chinese-president-xi-dictator-2023-06-21/#:~:text=KENTFIEL-D%2C%20California%2FBEIJING%2C%20June,both%20sides%20to%20reduce%20friction.
- Hunter, A. y Cang, A. (2023). “China Restricts Export of Chipmaking Metals in Clash With US”. Extraído el 7 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-03/china-to-restrict-exports-of-metals-critical-to-chip-production
- Hur, K., Buchwald, E. y Goodkind, N. (2023). “Stocks sink as US credit downgrade roils markets”. Extraído el 3 de agosto de 2023 de: https://www.cnn.com/business/live-news/stock-market-news-today-credit-downgrade/index.html#:~:text=US%20markets%20fell%20in%20Wednesday,by%20the%20technology%20sector%2C%20followed.
- IFJ (2021). “THE COVID-19 STORY: UNMASKING CHINA’S GLOBAL STRA-TEGY”. Extraído el 18 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.ifj.org/fileadmin/user_upload/IFJ_-_The_Covid_Story_Report.pdf
- Ilhan, B. (2020). “CHINA’S EVOLVING MILITARY DOCTRINE AFTER THE COLD WAR” Extraído el 25 de junio de 2023 de: https://setav.org/en/assets/uploads/2020/02/A56En.pdf
- Infobae (2022). “Study reveals that Russia and China are the countries with the worst image among Latin Americans”. Extraído el 20 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.infobae.com/en/2022/03/28/study-reveals-that-russiaand-china-are-the-countries-with-the-worst-image-among-latin-ameri cans/
- Infobae (2023). “Los regímenes de China y Cuba planean la construcción de una base común para formar militares en La Habana”. Extraído el 20 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2023/06/20/los-regimenes-de-china-y-cuba-planean-la-construccion-de-una-basecomun-para-formar-militares-en-la-habana/
- IRENA (2023). Geopolitics of the energy transition: Critical materials. International Renewable Energy Agency. Abu Dhabi.
- Jayaram, K., Kassiri, O., y Yuan Sun, I. (2017). “The closest look yet at Chinese economic engagement in Africa”. Extraído el 30 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/middle-east-and-africa/the-closest-look-yet-at-chinese-economic-engagement-in-africa
- Jennings, R. (2022). “China’s Economy Could Overtake US Economy by 2030”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.voanews.com/a/chinas-economy-could-overtake-us-economy-by-2030/6380892.html
- Jiff, A. (2023). “No, Japan is not planning to “double its defense budget””. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/no-japan-is-not-planning-to-double-its-defense-budget/
- Jimmy Kimmel Live [Jimmy Kimmel Live]. (13 de julio de 2018). “Can You Name a Country?”. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRh1zXFKC_o&ab_channel=JimmyKimmelLive
- Jimmy Kimmel Live [Jimmy Kimmel Live]. (27 de febrero de 2020). “Can You Name a Country? “. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umpalMtQE50&ab_channel=JimmyKimmelLive
- JP+ [JP+]. (31 de julio de 2023). Últimas Noticias | Níger protesta contra el intervencionismo de Francia. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-i-AV6EGpcc&ab_channel=JP%2B
- Kafura, C. (2023). “American Support for US Bases in Japan at Record High”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://globalaffairs.org/research/public-opinion-survey/american-support-us-bases-japan-record-high
- Kamome [Kamome] (12 de marzo de 2023). How India controls China’s main Weakness: The Malacca Strait. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmMxOd5RZLM&ab_channel=Kamome
- Kavanagh, J. (2023). “Japan’s New Defense Budget Is Still Not Enough”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/02/08/japan-s-new-defense-budget-is-still-not-enough-pub-88981
- Kelly, T. (2023). “Explainer: Why the U.S. is overhauling its marines on Japan’s Okinawa”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.reuters.com/world/why-us-is-overhauling-its-marines-japans-okinawa-2023-01-11/
- Kennedy, M. (2016). “PHOTOS: Thousands Protest Against U.S. Military Presence In Okinawa, Japan”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/19/482669249/photosthousands-protest-against-u-s-military-presence-in-okinawa-japan
- Keohane, R. y Nye, J. (1987). Power and Interdependence Revisited. International Organization, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 725-753.
- Knowing Better [Knowing Better] (8 de julio de 2018). Playing the Victim | Historical Revisionism and Japan. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnAC-Y9p_sY&ab_channel=KnowingBetter
- Kobelinsky, F. (2023). “Surinam cayó en la trampa china: cómo el gigante asiático asfixia al país más pequeño de Sudamérica con una deuda impagable”. Extraído el 21 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2023/05/13/surinam-cayo-en-la-trampa-china-como-el-gigante-asiatico-asfixia-al-pais-mas-pequeno-de-sudamerica-con-una-deuda-impagable/
- La Nación (2023). “Revelan que China planea construir una base militar en Cuba y crece la alarma en Estados Unidos”: Extraído el 20 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/revelan-que-chinaplanea-construir-una-base-militar-en-cuba-y-crece-la-alarma-en-esta dos-unidos-nid20062023/
- Lebrun, S. (2023). “U.S. Bans Students from China’s Military-Linked Universities. Its Ally Japan Welcomes Them.”. Extraído el 27 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-bans-students-from-chinas-military-linked-universities-its-ally-japan-welcomes-them-f8319976
- Lee, M. (2023). “Chinese ‘debt-trap’ crippling poor economies, endangering US national security”. Extraído el 21 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.foxnews.com/world/chinese-debt-trap-crippling-poor-economies-endangering-us-national-security
- Lendo, B. y Liebermann, O. (2023). “War game suggests Chinese invasion of Taiwan would fail at a huge cost to US, Chinese and Taiwanese militaries”. Extraído el 27 de junio de 2023 de: https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/09/politics/taiwan-invasion-war-game-intl-hnk-ml/index.html
- Lenon, B. (2021). “China has built the world’s largest navy. Now what’s Beijing going to do with it?”. Extraído el 19 de mayo de 2023 de: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/05/china/china-world-biggest-navy-intlhnk-ml-dst/index.html
- Li, Z. (2023). “Beyond ‘Wolf Warriors’: China’s Multidimensional Diplomacy”. Extraído el 20 de junio de 2023 de: https://thediplomat.com/2023/03/beyond-wolf-warriors-chinas-multidimensional-diplomacy/
- Liu, Z. (2023). “BCG Report: China’s Middle Class to Reach 40 Percent Of Population By 2030”. Extraído el 23 de mayo de 2023 de: https://jingdaily.com/bcg-report-china-middle-class-generational/#:~:text=The%20report%20predicts%20that%2C%20from,third%20or%20lower%2D tier%20cities.
- Lowy Institute (2016). “GLOBAL DIPLOMACY INDEX 2016”. Extraído el 17 de julio de 2023 de: https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/2016/
- Lowy Institute (2019). “GLOBAL DIPLOMACY INDEX 2019”. Extraído el 17 de julio de 2023 de: https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/2019/
- Lowy Institute (2021). “GLOBAL DIPLOMACY INDEX 2021”. Extraído el 17 de julio de 2023 de: https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/
- Lucumí, J. (2023). “Myanmar en cifras, tras dos años del golpe de Estado y su consiguiente gobierno militar”. Extraído el 31 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.france24.com/es/programas/econom%C3%ADa/20230201-myanmar-en-cifras-tras-dos-a%C3%-B1os-del-golpe-y-su-consiguiente-gobierno-militar
- Marine Insight (2023). “U.S To transform India Into Naval Logistics Hub for Indo-Pacific Region”. Extraído el 26 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.marineinsight.com/shipping-news/u-s-to-transform-india-into-navallogistics-hub-for-indo-pacific-region/
- Martínez-Valera, G. (2022). “El enfrentamiento avanzado, las operaciones multidominio”. Global Strategy Report, No 20/2022.
- McCurry, (2022). “The Japanese hunger striker demanding an end to US bases in Okinawa”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/14/the-japanese-hunger-striker-deman ding-an-end-to-us-bases-in-okinawa
- McNair, K. (2023). “Here’s how much money it takes to be considered middle class in 20 major U.S. cities”. Extraído el 23 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/02/middle-class-income-in-major-us-cities. html#:~:text=The%20latest%20data%20from%202021,peak%20of%20 61%25%20in%201971.
- Mearsheimer, J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Mendee, J. (2021). “Mongolia’s military diplomacy and geopolitical balance”. Extraído el 30 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2021/03/18/mongolias-military-diplomacy-and-geopolitical-balance/
- MFI (2021). “Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Dakar Action Plan (2022-2024)”. Extraído el 31 de mayo de 2023 de: http://www.focac.org/eng/zywx_1/zywj/202201/t20220124_10632444.htm
- MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, PRC (2023). “China FTA Network”. Extraído el 17 de mayo de 2023 de: http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/fta_qianshu. shtml
- Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China (2015). “China’s Military Strategy” Extraído el 25 de junio de 2023 de: http://eng. mod.gov.cn/xb/Publications/WhitePapers/4887928.html
- Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China (s.f.). “Defense Policy”. Extraído el 25 de junio de 2023 de: http://eng.mod.gov.cn/xb/DefensePolicy/index.html#:~:text=to%20safeguard%20national%20sovereignty%2C%20unity,safeguard%20China’s%20overseas%20interests%3B%20and
- Mofcom (2023). “2023 Report on WTO Compliance of the United States”. Extraído el 14 de agosto de 2023 de: http://images.mofcom.gov.cn/sms/202308/20230811165019325.pdf
- Morgenthau, H. (1948). Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- MSSc in Global Political Economy [MSSc in Global Political Economy] (27 de diciembre de 2019). Prof Michael HUDSON-De-Dollarization – Toward the End of U.S. Monetary Hegemony? [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbWaNPAS39s&ab_channel=MSScinGlobalPoliticalEconomy
- Mundo Minero (2023). “Empresa china firma acuerdo de producción petrolera con los talibanes”. Extraído el 8 de junio de 2023 de: https://mundominero.com.ec/china-afganistan-talibanes-petroleo/
- Myers, M. (2023). “Okinawa governor wants more power to prosecute US troops”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2023/03/08/okinawa-governor-wants-mo re-power-to-prosecute-us-troops/
- Myers, M., Barrios, R. y Cunhai, Guo (2018). “LEARNING LATIN AMERICA: China’s Strategy for Area Studies Development”. Extraído el 18 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Dialogue-Area-Studies-Report.pdf
- Navarro, A. (2023). “Myanmar – China: dos países vecinos condenados a entenderse”. Extraído el 31 de mayo de 2023 de: https://geopol21.com/myanmar-china-dos-paises-vecinos-condenados-a-entenderse/
- Navy Recognition (2023). “China is discussing with Equatorial Guinea to establish naval base in the city of Bata”. Extraído el 31 de mayo de 2023 de: https://navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2023/january/12666-china-is-discussing-with-equatorial-guinato-establish-naval-base-in-the-city-of-bata.html
- NBR (2021). “Understanding Chinese “Wolf Warrior Diplomacy””. Extraído el 17 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.nbr.org/publication/understanding-chinese-wolf-warrior-diplomacy/
- NDB (2023). “Focus Areas”. Extraído el 8 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.ndb.int/about-ndb/focus-areas/
- Nikkei (2022). “China’s GDP unlikely to surpass U.S. in next few decades: JCER”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-s-GDP-unlikely-to-surpass-U.S.-in-next-few-decades-JCER
- Nikkei (2023). “China keeps title as home to billionaires even as global wealth falls”. Extraído el 17 de julio de 2023 de: https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/China-keeps-title-as-home-to-billionaires-evenas-global-wealth-falls
- Noesselt, N. (2015). China’s Foreign Strategy After the 18th Party Congress: Business as Usual. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 20, pp. 17-33.
- Norton, B. (2023). “ECONOMYBRICS New Development Bank de-dollarizing, adding Argentina, Saudi Arabia, Zimbabwe as members”. Extraído el 8 de junio de 2023 de: https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/06/06/brics-new-development-bank-dollar-adding-members/
- Noticias Telemundo (2023). “Trump lidera los sondeos republicanos pese al cerco judicial, que se estrecha con otro revés de un juez en Georgia”. Extraído el 1 de agosto de 2023 de: https://www.telemundo.com/noticias/noticias-telemundo/justicia/trump-sondeo-republicanos-oliveira-corte-miami-documentos-clasificados-rcna97274
- Nott, W. (2023). “Logistics challenges could delay arrivals of Chinese students in Australia”. Extraído el 27 de julio de 2023 de: https://thepienews.com/news/logistics-challenges-could-delay-arrivals-of-chinese-students-in-australia/#:~:text=China%20remains%20Australia’s%20leading%20market,from%20Australia’s%20Department%20of%20Education.
- NTV Kenya [NTV Kenya]. (9 de febrero de 2020) Chinese boss caught whipping Kenyan worker arrested. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N29J4S4eimY&ab_channel=NTVKenya
- OEC (2021a). “Hong Kong”. Extraído el 28 de junio de 2023 de: https://oec. world/es/profile/country/hkg#:~:text=Durante%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20cinco%20a%C3%B1os,Plata%20(%245%2C39MM).
- OEC (2021b). “China Taipéi”. Extraído el 28 de junio de 2023 de: https://oec. world/es/profile/country/twn?tradeScaleSelector1=tradeScale0&yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow1
- OEC (2021c). “Estados Unidos”. Extraído el 14 de julio de 2023 de: https://oec.world/es/profile/country/usa
- OECD (2019). “China needs further reforms to make growth sustainable, greener and more inclusive”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.oecd.org/economy/china-needs-further-reforms-to-make-growth-sustainable-greener-and-more-inclusive.htm
- OECD (2020). “Obesity and the Economics of Prevention: Fit not Fat-United States Key Facts”. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/obesityandtheeconomicsofpreventionfitnotfat-unitedstateskeyfacts.htm#:~:text=Soaring%20obesity%20rates%20make%20the,or%20obese%20within%2010%20years.
- Office of the Secretary of Defense (2020). “Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China”. Extraído el 7 de junio de 2023 de: https://media.defense.gov/2020/Sep/01/2002488689/-1/-1/1/2020-DOD-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT-FINAL.PDF?fbclid=IwAR0P56sTP7J83TN2ebe2QkqHU40D-2LjxHv5wuAEdmNhbP3WKa-ZJgC63mko
- OHCHR (2022). “OHCHR Assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/2022-08-31/22-08-31-final-assesment.pdf
- O’Halon, M. (2023). “China’s shrinking population and constraints on its future power”. Extraído el 23 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2023/04/24/chinas-shrinking-popula tion-and-constraints-on-its-future-power/#:~:text=Those%20trends%20 can%20be%20expected,below%20800%20million%20by%202100.
- OMPI (2021). Índice Mundial de Innovación 2021, 14ta Edición.
- Our World in Data (2021a). “Annual CO2 emissions (per capita)”. Extraído el 14 de julio de 2023 de: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita?tab=table
- Our World in Data (2021b). “Production vs. consumption-based CO2 emissions, United States”. Extraído el 13 de Agosto de 2023 de: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/production-vs-consumption-co2-emissions?country=~USA
- Pabón, D. (2021). El rol del Banco Asiático de Inversión en Infraestructura (BAII), en la construcción de una nueva arquitectura financiera regional asiática: la banca multilateral del desarrollo. [Tesis de maestría, FLAC-SO]. Repositorio Flacsoandes.
- Pérez, C. y Ibarrola, A. (2023). La transición hacia el fentanilo. Cambios y continuidades del mercado de drogas en México (2015-2022). Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 36(53), pp. 15-36.
- Perlez, J. (2016). “Tribunal Rejects Beijing’s Claims in South China Sea”. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/world/asia/south-china-sea-hague-ruling-philippines.html
- Pintado, S. (2023). “Financiamiento y soberanía: los aportes que haría el Banco de los BRICS a Argentina”. Extraído el 8 de junio de 2023 de: https://sputniknews.lat/20230606/financiamiento-y-soberania-los-aportes-que-haria-el-banco-de-los-brics-a-argentina-1140237069.html
- POLITICO (2023). “Tracking the Trump criminal cases”. Extraído el 1 de agosto de 2023 de: https://www.politico.com/interactives/2023/trump-criminal-investigations-cases-tracker-list/
- Puddington, A. (2018). “China: The Global Leader in Political Prisoners”. Extraído el 26 de julio de 2023 de: https://freedomhouse.org/article/china-global-leader-political-prisoners
- Rapoza, K. (2011). “By 2020, China No. 1, US No. 2”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/05/26/by-2020-china-no-1-us-no-2/?sh=19d0644aef7a
- Ratcliffe, R. (2023). “Military construction on Myanmar’s Great Coco island prompts fears of Chinese involvement”. Extraído el 30 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/01/military-construction-on-myanmars-great-coco-island-prompts-fears-of-chinese-involvement
- Republic World [Republic World] (14 de junio de 2021). Chinese Official Viciously Attacks African Staff In Sierra Leone; Viral Video Condemned. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Aysc2FyVcg&ab_channel=RepublicWorld
- Reuters (2017). “China aplica las sanciones de Naciones Unidas contra Corea del Norte”. Extraído el 23 de agosto de 2023 de: https://www.reuters.com/article/china-sanciones-idESKCN1AU0YR-OESBS
- Reuters (2023). “Philippines, China to discuss fishing rights in South China Sea, Marcos says”. Extraído el 24 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-china-discuss-fishing-rights-south-china-sea-marcos-2023-05-01/
- Rfi (2023). “Taiwán advierte a Honduras de la “trampa de deuda” al acercarse a China”. Extraído el 21 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.rfi. fr/es/m%C3%A1s-noticias/20230315-honduras-anuncia-que-estable cer%C3%A1-relaciones-diplom%C3%A1ticas-con-china
- Ritchie, H., Arriagada, P. y Roser, M. (2022). “Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and other illicit drugs”. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: https://ourworldindata.org/illicit-drug-use
- Rodríguez, M. (2009). China en América Latina. In China en el sistema de seguridad global del siglo XXI. Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, pp. 173-192.
- Rodríguez, M. (2016). La evolución de la política exterior China. Araucaria, 18 (35), pp. 301-318.
- Romero, F. (2023). “China’s Anti-Access/Area-Denial Strategy”. Extraído el 27 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.thedefencehorizon.org/post/china-a2ad-strategy
- Ruby, D. (2023). “37+ TikTok Statistics for Marketers In 2023”. Extraído el 22 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.demandsage.com/tiktok-user-statistics/#:~:text=TikTok%20users%20spend%20a%20significant,around%209%20times%20every%20day!
- Saballa, J. (2023). “Majority of Japanese Reluctant to Defend Taiwan if China Invades: Poll”: Extraído el 18 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/05/12/japanese-reluctant-defend-taiwan/
- Sammy, D. (2023). “Anti-Government Demonstrations in Iran a Long-Term Challenge for the Islamic Republic”. Extraído el 27 de junio de 2023 de: https://acleddata.com/2023/04/12/anti-government-demonstrations-in-iran-a-long-term-challenge-for-the-islamic-republic/
- Sang-Hun, C. (2023). “North Korea Launches Missile as Japan Issues Brief Evacuation Alarm”. Extraído el 27 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.nytimes.com/article/north-korea-missile-launch.html#:~:text=In%20 2022%2C%20North%20Korea%20launched,the%20face%20of%20international%20sanctions.
- Santenello, P. [Peter Santenello] (15 de julio de 2023). Poorest Region of America-What It Really Looks Like. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3O6bKdPLbw&t=3s&ab_channel=PeterSantenello
- Saul, D. (2022). “China and India Will Overtake U.S. Economically By 2075, Goldman Sachs Economists Say”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2022/12/06/china-and-india-will-overtake-us-economically-by-2075-goldman-sachs-economists-say/?sh=2fe823ec8ea9
- Schmitz, R. (2021). “How A Chinese-Built Highway Drove Montenegro Deep into Debt”. Extraído el 21 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.npr.org/2021/06/28/1010832606/road-deal-with-china-is-blamed-for-catapulting-montenegro-into-historic-debt
- Sears, N. (2023). Great Power Rivalry and Macrosecuritization Failure: Why States Fail to “Securitize” Existential Threats to Humanity. [Tesis doctoral, University of Toronto].
- Sharwood, S. (2023). “FBI says more cyberattacks come from China than everywhere else combined”. Extraído el 26 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.theregister.com/2022/02/03/fbi_china_threat_to_usa/
- Sheffield, C. (2023). “China’s TikTok might as well be designed as a weapon against our teens”. Extraído el 22 de mayo de 2023 de: https://nypost.com/2023/03/10/chinas-tiktok-might-as-well-be-designed-as-a-weapon-against-our-teens/
- Shidore, S. (2023). “Is the US Going Too Far in Its Alliance with the Philippines?”. Extraído el 30 de mayo de 2023 de: https://quincyinst.org/2023/04/17/is-the-us-going-too-far-in-its-alliance-with-the-philippines/
- Singh, A. (2020). The myth of “debt-trap diplomacy” and realities of Chinese development finance. Third World Quarterly, pp. 1–15. doi:10.1080/01436 597.2020.1807318
- Silver, L., Devling, K. y Huang, C. (2019). “Attitudes toward China”. Extraído el 17 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/12/05/attitudes-toward-china-2019/
- Silver, L., Huang, C., y Clancy, L. (2022). “How Global Public Opinion of China Has Shifted in the Xi Era”. Extraído el 19 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/09/28/how-global-publicopinion-of-china-has-shifted-in-the-xi-era/
- Silver, L., Huang, C., y Clancy, L. (2023). “China’s Approach to Foreign Policy Gets Largely Negative Reviews in 24-Country Survey”. Extraído el 27 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2023/07/27/chinas-approach-to-foreign-policy-gets-largely-negative-reviews-in-24-country-survey/?utm_content=bufferbd6a5&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer-pew
- Silver, L., Huang, C., Clancy, L. y Fagan, M. (2023). “Americans Are Critical of China’s Global Role – as Well as Its Relationship with Russia”. Extraído el 19 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2023/04/12/americans-are-critical-of-chinas-global-role-as-well-as-its-relationship-with-russia/#:~:text=Around%20four%2Din%2Dten%20Americans,2023%2C%20Pew%20Research%20Center%20survey.
- Simpson, C. (2023). “TikTok ban: What could it mean for creators?”. Extraído el 22 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-65057760
- SIPRI (2022a). “SIPRI YEARBOOK 2022 Summary”. Extraído el 19 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/yb22_summary_en_v2_0.pdf
- SIPRI (2022b). “SIPRI Military Expenditure Database”. Extraído el 19 de julio de 2023 de: https://sipri.org/databases/milex
- Son, Y. (2011). “CHRONOLOGY OF MASS KILLINGS DURING THE CHI-NESE CULTURAL REVOLUTION (1966-1976)”. Extraído el 5 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html
- Statista (2023). “Annual export value of rare earths in China from 2017 to 2021”. Extraído el 26 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1230682/china-export-value-of-rare-earths/
- Stiglitz, J. (2018). “The American Economy Is Rigged”. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-american-economy-is-rigged/
- Stiglitz, J. (2019). People, power, and profits: Progressive capitalism for an age of discontent. Penguin UK.
- Strokes, B. (2016). “Hostile Neighbors: China vs. Japan”. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/09/13/hostile-neighbors-china-vs-japan/
- Sun, Y. (2018). “Djibouti: What Europe should understand of China’s approach to military expansion”. Extraído el 22 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.euractiv.com/section/defence-and-security/opinion/djibouti-what-europe-should-understand-of-chinas-approach-to-military-expansion/
- Tanchum, M. (2021). “China’s new military base in Africa: What it means for Europe and America”. Extraído el 30 de mayo de 2023 de:
- Tasevski, (2022). “Okinawa’s vocal anti-US military base movement”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/okinawa-s-vocal-anti-us-military-base-movement
- Tatom, J. A. (2009). Will China Surpass the United States? China’s Emerging Financial Markets: Challenges and Opportunities, pp. 635-640.
- Taylor (2017). “South Korea and China move to normalize relations after THAAD dispute”. Extraído el 17 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/south-korea-and-china-move-to-normalize-relations-after-thaad-conflict/2017/10/31/60f-2bad8-bde0-11e7-af84-d3e2ee4b2af1_story.html
- Testigo Directo [Testigo Directo] (10 de marzo de 2023). Chinos Maltratan Empleados: Bolivia Bajo El Control De China-Capítulo 5/10-Testigo Directo. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvL-Ni0DpVzs&ab_channel=TestigoDirecto
- The Economic Times (2018). “OK, so China will surpass US economy. Then what?”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ok-so-china-will-surpass-us-economy-then-what/articleshow/65665895.cms?utm_source=contentofin terest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
- The Economist (2023). “Hollywood is losing the battle for China”. Extraído el 22 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.economist.com/interactive/2023/04/29/hollywood-is-losing-the-battle-for-china
- The Guardian (2022). “China launches third aircraft carrier in military advance”. Extraído el 19 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/17/china-launches-third-aircraft-carrier-military-advance-us-fujian-taiwan
- The Hive Law (2023). “Which Political Party Started the Most Wars? (12 Startling Finds)”. Extraído el 26 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.thehivelaw.com/blog/which-political-party-started-the-most-wars/
- The New York Times [The New York Times]. (20 de marzo de 2023). Iraq War Veterans, 20 Years Later: ‘I Don’t Know How to Explain the War to Myself’ | Op-Docs. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIWfH3iEgXU&ab_channel=TheNewYorkTimes
- The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China (2019). “The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China”. Extraído el 20 de julio de 2023 de:
- The White House (2022). “NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf
- The White House (2023). “FACT SHEET: President Biden’s 2024 Budget Invests in American Science, Technology, and Innovation to Achieve Our Nation’s Greatest Aspirations”. Extraído el 28 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/news-updates/2023/03/13/fy24-budget-fact-sheet-rd-innovation/
- Thomson, I. (2015). “US, China manage to keep a straight face while promising to not hack each other’s corps”. Extraído el 26 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.theregister.com/2015/09/25/us_china_promise_to_stop_hacking/
- Ulrich, K. (2022). “EE.UU. será el mayor proveedor de gas de la UE”. Extraído el 14 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.dw.com/es/estudio-confirmaque-eeuu-ser%C3%A1-el-mayor-proveedor-de-gas-de-la-ue/a-63221893
- Umetsu, H. (1996). Communist China’s entry into the Korean hostilities and a U.S. proposal for a collective security arrangement in the Pacific offshore island chain. Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, 15(2), pp. 98–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0302814
- Urbina, I. (2020). “How China’s Expanding Fishing Fleet Is Depleting the World’s Oceans”. Extraído el 15 de agosto de 2023 de: https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-chinas-expanding-fishing-fleet-is-depleting-worldsoceans
- U.S. Deparment of Defense (2023). “Launch of the India-U.S. Defense Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X)”. Extraído el 26 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3434923/launch-of-the-india-us-defense-acceleration-ecosystem-indus-x/
- U.S. Deparment of State (2020). “U.S. Relations with Japan”. Extraído el 20 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-japan/
- U.S. Deparment of State (2023). “Secretary Blinken’s Visit to the People’s Republic of China (PRC)”. Extraído el 25 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.state.gov/secretary-blinkens-visit-to-the-peoples-republic-of-china-prc/#:~:text=Secretary%20of%20State%20Antony%20J,Gang%20from%20 June%2018%2D19.
- U.S. Forces Japan (s.f.) “Guidance from the Commander, U.S. Forces Japan”. Extraído el 24 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.usfj.mil/About-USFJ/
- Vakulenko, S. (2023). “What Russia’s First Gas Pipeline to China Reveals About a Planned Second One”. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/89552
- Van Staden, C. (2022). “Fears of a Chinese Naval Base in West Africa Are Overblown”. Extraído el 30 de mayo de 2023 de: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/03/china-pla-navy-base-west-africa-atlantic-equatorial-guinea/
- Vardhan, P. (2023). “Where Will the World’s Next 1,000 Babies Be Born?”. Extraído el 26 de ahttps://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/where-will-thenext-1000-babies-come-from/gosto de 2023 de:
- Varón, P. (2021). “China reconoce al gobierno talibán con un ojo puesto en la explotación del cobre afgano”. Extraído el 8 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.rfi.fr/es/asia-pacifico/20210818-china-reconoce-al-gobierno-talib%C3%A1n-con-un-ojo-puesto-en-la-explotaci%C3%B3n-del-cobre-afgano
- Vice News [Vice News]. (20 de octubre de 2022). American Terror: The Military’s Problem with Extremism in the Ranks. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVkBVExuXSQ&ab_channel=VICENews
- VOA (2023). “Saudi Arabia Seeks Cooperation with China, ‘Ignores’ Western Worries”. Extraído el 25 de Agosto de 2023 de: https://www.voanews.com/a/saudi-arabia-seeks-cooperation-with-china-ignores-western-worries/7132507.html
- Vorndick, W. (2018). “CHINA’S REACH HAS GROWN; SO SHOULD THE ISLAND CHAINS”. Extraído el 22 de junio de 2023 de: https://amti.csis.org/chinas-reach-grown-island-chains/
- Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.
- Ward, A. (2023). “China negotiating with Havana about joint military training facility in Cuba”. Extraído el 20 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/20/china-negotiating-with-havana-about-joint-military-training-facility-in-cuba-00102636
- Waters, (2023). “Americans are spending big with credit cards. Here’s what that means for the possibility of a recession”. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/11/american-credit-balances-spike-as-strong-spending-fends-off-recession.html
- Were, A. (2018). “Why Thinking of China Debt Trap Diplomacy Is a Fallacy”. Extraído el 21 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/analysis/ideas/Why-thinking-of-China-debt-trapdiplomacy-is-afallacy/4259414-4826058-4q9w45/index.html.
- Wike, R., Fetterolf, J., Fagan, M., Austin, S. y Lippert, J. (2023). “1. Overall opinion of the U.S.”. Extraído el 31 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2023/06/27/overall-opinion-of-the-u-s/
- Wilkie, C. (2023). “Bipartisan lawmakers visit Taiwan as Biden seeks to stabilize China relationship”. Extraído el 5 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/27/us-lawmakers-visit-taiwan.html
- WIPO (2022). “Global Innovation Index 2022 What is the future of innovation driven growth?”. Extraído el 28 de junio de 2023 de: https://www.wipo. int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2022-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2022-15th-edition.pdf
- Wolf, M. (2023). “The G7 must accept that it cannot run the world”. Extraído el 31 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.ft.com/content/c8cf024d-87b7-4e18-8fa2-1b8a3f3fbba1
- Wood, M. (2021). THE STORY OF CHINA A PORTRAIT OF A CIVILISATION AND ITS PEOPLE. Simon & Schuster
- World Population Review (2023). “Crime Rate by Country 2023”. Extraído el 31 de mayo de 2023 de: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/crime-rate-by-country
- World Steel Association (2023). “World Steel in Figures 2022”. Extraído el 26 de mayo de 2023 de: https://worldsteel.org/steel-topics/statistics/world-steel-in-figures-2022/
- Wright, J. (2022). “Japan’s Self-Imposed One Percent: Does It Really Matter?”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/3089775/japans-self-imposed-one-percent-doesit-really-matter/
- Yamaguchi, M. (2022). “Okinawa marks 50 years of end to U.S. rule amid protests”. Extraído el 10 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/okinawa-marks-50-years-of-end-to-u-s-rule-amid-protests
- Yan, L. (2018). “China becomes world’s largest oil importer”. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: http://www.ecns.cn/business/2018/02-07/291780. shtml
- Yifan, S. (2022). “China’s Economy Won’t Overtake the U.S., Some Now Predict”. Extraído el 11 de mayo de 2023 de: https://www.wsj.com/articles/will-chinas-economy-surpass-the-u-s-s-some-now-doubt-it-11662123945
- Yin, I. y Yep, E. (2022). “China could exceed renewables generation target of 33% by 2025. Extraído el 13 de julio de 2023 de: https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/ener gy-transition/092322-china-could-exceed-renewables-generation-target-of-33-by-2025#:~:text=China%20is%20on%20track%20to,clean%20 energy%20project%20developers%20said.
- Yoshihara, T. (2010). Chinese missile strategy and the US naval presence in Japan: the operational view from Beijing. Naval War College Review, 63(3), pp. 39-62.